Formation and Function of Liquid-Like Viral Factories in Negative-Sense Single-Stranded RNA Virus Infections

Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) represents a major physiochemical principle to organize intracellular membrane-less structures. Studies with non-segmented negative-sense (NNS) RNA viruses have uncovered a key role of LLPS in the formation of viral inclusion bodies (IBs), sites of viral protein concentration in the cytoplasm of infected cells. These studies further reveal the structural and functional complexity of viral IB factories and provide a foundation for their future research. Herein, we review the literature leading to the discovery of LLPS-driven formation of IBs in NNS RNA virus-infected cells and the identification of viral scaffold components involved, and then outline important questions and challenges for IB assembly and disassembly. We discuss the functional implications of LLPS in the life cycle of NNS RNA viruses and host responses to infection. Finally, we speculate on the potential mechanisms underlying IB maturation, a phenomenon relevant to many human diseases.     

Progress on ocular siRNA gene‐silencing therapy and drug delivery systems

Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma are global ocular diseases with high blindness rate. RNA interference (RNAi) is being increasingly used in the treatment of these disorders with siRNA drugs, bevasiranib, AGN211745 and PF‐04523655 for AMD, and SYL040012 and QPI‐1007 for glaucoma. Administration routes and vectors of gene drugs affect their therapeutic effect. Compared with the non‐viral vectors, viral vectors have limited payload capacity and potential immunogenicity. This review summarizes the progress of the ocular siRNA gene‐silencing therapy by focusing on siRNA drugs for AMD and glaucoma already used in clinical research, the main routes of drug delivery and the non‐viral vectors for siRNA drugs.     

Endoscopic coblation treatment for congenital pyriform sinus fistula in children

Congenital pyriform sinus fistula (CPSF) is a very rare branchial apparatus malformation. Traditional open surgery for fistulectomy might fail to excise the lesion completely, leading to continual recurrence. Herein, we report our experience of endoscopic coblation technique for treatment of CPSF in children.To observe the clinical efficacy of endoscopic coblation treatment of CPSF in children, especially for those in acute infection stage.Retrospective case series with 54 patients (including 20 cases in acute infection stage and 34 cases in non infection stage) who were diagnosed with CPSF between October 2017 to November 2019, all patients were treated with endoscopic coblation to close the piriform fossa fistula, neck abscess incision and drainage performed simultaneously for acute infection stage cases. Data collected including age of diagnosis, presenting symptoms, diagnostic methods, prior and subsequent treatments, length of hospitalization, and recurrence were analyzed.Of the 20 cases in acute infection stage, there were 3 children with transient vocal cord paresis all of which resolved with 1 month. Four children of the 34 cases in non infection stage appeared reddish swelling of the neck on the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th days after coblation and then underwent abscess incision and drainage. All cases experienced no recurrence, vocal cord paralysis, pharyngeal fistula and massive hemorrhage after their first endoscopic coblation of the sinus tract in the follow up of 3 to 28 months.Endoscopic coblation is an effective and safe approach for children with CPSF, neck abscess incision and drainage could be performed simultaneously in acute infection stage. We advocate using this minimally invasive technique as first line of treatment for CPSF.     

非小细胞肺癌脑转移放射治疗进展

肺癌是目前世界上发病率第二、死亡率第一的恶性肿瘤。非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）是其主要病理类型,且易发生脑转移。目前,NSCLC脑转移的主要治疗方式包括手术、放疗、化疗、分子靶向治疗和免疫治疗等。放疗是脑转移局部治疗的常用方法,随着技术和药物的不断发展更新,放疗与其他治疗手段如何联合是目前临床研究热点。本文将对NSCLC脑转移放射治疗进展进行综述,从而为临床工作中治疗方案的选择提供参考。     

Substernal Chest Pain and Dyspnea in a Female Patient

A 76-year-old female patient presented to the emergency department with substernal chest pain and dyspnea symptoms. She reported that the symptoms started 2 days earlier. These symptoms can arise from both cardiac and noncardiac conditions. It is difficult to ascribe chest pain and dyspnea symptoms to a single cause. Recognizing these symptoms is critical for inpatient cardiac and primary care nurse practitioners to choose the correct diagnosis and facilitate more effective treatment planning.